Flu aandb - Influenza A and B: None: None: NPS in VTM: 3.5 hr: Moderate: Luminex: Verigene Respiratory Virus Nucleic Acid Test Plus: Verigene SP: Influenza A and B: H1, H1pdm09, H3: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (A, B) NPS in VTM: 3.5 hr: Moderate: Luminex: Verigene RP Flex: VERIGENE Reader VERIGENE Processor SP: Influenza A and B: H1/H1pdm09, H3

 
FluNet Summary. This content is last updated on 22 August 2023. National Influenza Centres (NICs) and other national influenza laboratories from 108 countries, areas or territories reported data to FluNet for the time period from 24 July 2023 to 06 August 2023* (data as of 18/08/2023 06:58:57AM UTC). The WHO GISRS laboratories tested more than .... Spark xml

The assay targets the influenza A viruses (matrix gene), the influenza B viruses (matrix gene) and RSV (matrix gene). Results are reported as Detected or NOT detected and a semi-qualitative result is provided by reporting the PCR Cycle threshold (Ct) value for positive specimens. Note: Due to supply chain variables and logistical workflows to ...Dec 2, 2022 · Influenza (Flu) Viruses There are two main types of human flu viruses: types A and B. The flu A and B viruses that routinely spread in people are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics each year. Flu A viruses can be broken down into sub-types depending on the genes that make up the surface proteins. Oct 15, 2019 · The four types of influenza are A, B, C, and D. Types A and B are widespread during most winters in the United States. Type C is milder than types A or B and does not spread as easily. Type D ... Waner JL, Todd, SI, Shalaby H, et al. Comparison of Directigen FLU-A with viral isolation and direct immunofluorescence for the rapid detection and identification of influenza A virus. J Clin Microbiol. 1991; 29(3):479-482. 2037665 Influenza A viruses infect a range of mammalian (e.g. pigs and horses) and avian species, whereas type B and C infections are largely restricted to humans. Only types A and B cause human disease of any concern. All of the currently identified 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes of influenza A viruses are maintained in wild, aquatic bird populations.For influenza A and influenza B viruses, selective amplification of target nucleic acid from the sample is achieved by the use of target-specific forward and reverse serious flu complications. There are two main types of . influenza viruses: types A and B. Both type A and B . influenza viruses regularly spread in people, and are . responsible for seasonal flu ...1 hour ago · The CDC’s website says you can get a flu shot and a COVID-19 shot at the same time --in the same arm or one in each arm--if that is convenient and you are due for vaccination, but they do not ... types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C. Type A viruses are the most prevalent and are associated with most serious epidemics. Type B viruses produce a disease that is generally milder than that caused by type A. Type C viruses have never been associated with a large epidemic of human disease. Both type A and B viruses canOnly type A and B cause human disease of any concern. Influenza virus is transmitted primarily by droplets or respiratory secretions of infected persons. Influenza occurs all over the world, with an annual global attack rate estimated at 5 – 10% in adults and 20 – 30% in children.1 hour ago · The CDC’s website says you can get a flu shot and a COVID-19 shot at the same time --in the same arm or one in each arm--if that is convenient and you are due for vaccination, but they do not ... Influenza — commonly known as the flu — is a respiratory infection caused by flu viruses. There are three main types of influenza: A, B, and C. Types A and B are similar, but influenza B can ...Influenza (Flu) Viruses There are two main types of human flu viruses: types A and B. The flu A and B viruses that routinely spread in people are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics each year. Flu A viruses can be broken down into sub-types depending on the genes that make up the surface proteins.Influenza A and B: None: None: NPS in VTM: 3.5 hr: Moderate: Luminex: Verigene Respiratory Virus Nucleic Acid Test Plus: Verigene SP: Influenza A and B: H1, H1pdm09, H3: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (A, B) NPS in VTM: 3.5 hr: Moderate: Luminex: Verigene RP Flex: VERIGENE Reader VERIGENE Processor SP: Influenza A and B: H1/H1pdm09, H3Performance characteristics for influenza A and B were established during February through March 2011 when influenza viruses A/California/7/2009 (2009 H1N1), A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria-Like) were the predominant influenza viruses in circulation according to the Morbidity and Mortality WeeklyJul 14, 2023 · The last time the state saw a significant wave of influenza B was in 2019, when 12,950 cases of influenza B were recorded. In 2020, 720 notifications of influenza B were made. There were 57 in ... Performance characteristics for influenza A and B were established during February through March 2011 when influenza viruses A/California/7/2009 (2009 H1N1), A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria-Like) were the predominant influenza viruses in circulation according to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Sep 28, 2022 · Similarities: Both COVID-19 and flu can have varying degrees of symptoms, ranging from no symptoms (asymptomatic) to severe symptoms. Common symptoms that COVID-19 and flu share include: Fever or feeling feverish/having chills. Cough. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. Influenza A and B: None: None: NPS in VTM: 3.5 hr: Moderate: Luminex: Verigene Respiratory Virus Nucleic Acid Test Plus: Verigene SP: Influenza A and B: H1, H1pdm09, H3: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (A, B) NPS in VTM: 3.5 hr: Moderate: Luminex: Verigene RP Flex: VERIGENE Reader VERIGENE Processor SP: Influenza A and B: H1/H1pdm09, H3 Viral transport medium acceptable for collection of influenza specimens in 1 mL or 3 mL volumes can be used to transport swabs for COVID-19 testing. For swabs in saline: OP, NP or anterior nasal swabs may be placed in 1 to 3 mL of sterile saline (0.85 to 0.9%) in a sterile screw cap container. May 28, 2009 · Influenza A viruses infect a range of mammalian (e.g. pigs and horses) and avian species, whereas type B and C infections are largely restricted to humans. Only types A and B cause human disease of any concern. All of the currently identified 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes of influenza A viruses are maintained in wild, aquatic bird populations. Yes. There are tests that will check for seasonal influenza A and B viruses and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Testing for these viruses at the same time gives public health officials important information about how flu and COVID-19 are spreading and what prevention steps people should take.Jan 12, 2023 · There are 4 types of influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA), the proteins on the surface of the virus. Currently circulating in ... For influenza A and influenza B viruses, selective amplification of target nucleic acid from the sample is achieved by the use of target-specific forward and reverseDifferent types of COVID-19 and flu test kits use different testing methodologies. They can either be antigen-based or use molecular techniques. Diagnostic tests for viral antigens or RNA indicate a current infection. Antigen Tests. Antigen assays typically detect nucleocapsid proteins from a virus like SARS-CoV-2 or Flu A+B.Minjun et al. also evaluated a one-step quadruplex rRT-PCR assay to detect and differentiate SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab and N genes, influenza type A and B. Primers targeting the matrix protein gene and the neuraminidase gene were designed to enable the detection of influenza A and B viral RNA . The assay’s performance was assessed using 312 clinical ...The influenza A and B virus genomes each comprise eight negative-sense, single-stranded viral RNA (vRNA) segments, while influenza C virus has a seven-segment genome. (See Table 1.) The eight segments of influenza A and B viruses (and the seven segments of influenza C virus) are numbered in order of decreasing length.Results are for the identification and differentiation of RNA from SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B and RSV. Limitations This assay is intended for use only under the Food and Drug Administration's Emergency Use Authorization.Influenza A and B infect humans each flu season and are both highly contagious. While treatment and prevention are the same, flu B tends to be less common. SearchTable 2: Available FDA-Cleared Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (Antigen Detection Only) 1. These tests provide results in 10-15 minutes and differentiate between influenza A and B. Available FDA cleared tests as of August 2020. Table 2: Available FDA-Cleared Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (Antigen Detection Only) 1. These tests provide results in 10-15 minutes and differentiate between influenza A and B. Available FDA cleared tests as of August 2020.Nov 7, 2022 · A healthcare professional may be able to test for COVID-19, the flu and RSV at the same visit. Abbott offers several diagnostic tools to aid in fast, reliable respiratory virus testing. From our ID-NOW™ rapid system to the Alinity m Resp-4-Plex to the Panbio COVID-19/Flu A&B Rapid Panel test*, we are equipping clinicians with tools to ... The four main types of Type A and B influenza viruses that are most likely to spread and make people sick during the upcoming flu season are the targets of seasonal influenza (flu) vaccines. All of the available flu vaccinations in the United States offer protection against the influenza A(H1), A(H3), B/Yamagata, and B/Victoria lineage viruses.The influenza virus causes flu. Influenza A, B and C are the most common types that infect people. Influenza A and B are seasonal (most people get them in the winter) and have more severe symptoms. Influenza C doesn’t cause severe symptoms and it’s not seasonal — the number of cases stays about the same throughout the year.The four types of influenza are A, B, C, and D. Types A and B are widespread during most winters in the United States. Type C is milder than types A or B and does not spread as easily. Type D ...Flu symptoms tend to develop one to two days after exposure to the virus and last for between five to seven days. Day 1 to Day 3 are characterized by the abrupt onset and worsening of symptoms. Day 5 to Day 6 is when most people start to feel notably better. By Day 8, most people will have recovered and no longer be contagious.Only type A and B cause human disease of any concern. Influenza virus is transmitted primarily by droplets or respiratory secretions of infected persons. Influenza occurs all over the world, with an annual global attack rate estimated at 5 – 10% in adults and 20 – 30% in children.types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C. Type A viruses are the most prevalent and are associated with most serious epidemics. Type B viruses produce a disease that is generally milder than that caused by type A. Type C viruses have never been associated with a large epidemic of human disease. Both type A and B viruses canRoom temperature (15°C to 30°C/59°F to 86°F) Internal controls. Positive and negative included. External controls. Positive and negative included. PPA* (versus an FDA-cleared influenza A and B molecular assay) A: 81.5%, B: 80.9%. NPA* (versus an FDA-cleared influenza A and B molecular assay) A: 97.8%, B: 99.1%.CoV-2 negative results are presumptive and confirmation with a molecular assay, if necessary for patient management, may be performed. All negative influenza A and B test results are Performance characteristics for influenza A and B were established during February through March 2011 when influenza viruses A/California/7/2009 (2009 H1N1), A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria-Like) were the predominant influenza viruses in circulation according to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Table 2: Available FDA-Cleared Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (Antigen Detection Only) 1. These tests provide results in 10-15 minutes and differentiate between influenza A and B. Available FDA cleared tests as of August 2020.Oct 15, 2019 · There are four types of influenza virus: influenza A, B, C, and D. Types A and B are responsible for the flu epidemics that occur in the United States most winters. Influenza, or the flu, is a ... Oct 3, 2022 · fever* or feeling feverish/chills. cough. sore throat. runny or stuffy nose. muscle or body aches. headaches. fatigue (tiredness) some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults. *It’s important to note that not everyone with flu will have a fever. Influenza virus from the family Orthomyxoviridae are enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses with segmented genomes containing seven to eight gene segments. Of the five genera in the family, only influenza A virus (IAV), influenza B and C viruses are medically relevant to humans. Influenza A and B viruses have a similar structure whereby these ...Seasonal influenza (flu) vaccines are designed to protect against the four main groups of flu Type A and B viruses that research indicates are most likely to spread and cause illness among people during the upcoming flu season. All current U.S. flu vaccines protect against a flu A (H1) virus, a flu A (H3) virus, a flu B/Yamagata lineage virus ...Interference was observed for flu A, flu B, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 when evaluated with high concentrations of Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJP). There is a risk of false negative for flu A, B, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 results under certain co-infection circumstances with Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJP). The Alinity m Resp-4-Plex assay was validated with ...Influenza B almost exclusively infects humans and is less common than influenza A. Flu type B also mutates about two to three times more slowly than influenza A. Because humans are the natural host of influenza B, pandemics generally do not occur with influenza B viruses. 22. Although scientists can classify and monitor the different types of ... The CDC’s website says you can get a flu shot and a COVID-19 shot at the same time --in the same arm or one in each arm--if that is convenient and you are due for vaccination, but they do not ...There are 4 types of influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA), the proteins on the surface of the virus. Currently circulating in ...Jul 29, 2023 · Flu symptoms tend to develop one to two days after exposure to the virus and last for between five to seven days. Day 1 to Day 3 are characterized by the abrupt onset and worsening of symptoms. Day 5 to Day 6 is when most people start to feel notably better. By Day 8, most people will have recovered and no longer be contagious. Abstract. Influenza is an infectious respiratory disease that, in humans, is caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses. Typically characterized by annual seasonal epidemics, sporadic pandemic ...Based on NCHS mortality surveillance data available on August 31, 2023, 6.5% of the deaths that occurred during the week ending August 26, 2023 (week 34), were due to pneumonia, influenza, and/or COVID-19 (PIC). This percentage is above the epidemic threshold of 5.5% for this week.The influenza virus causes flu. Influenza A, B and C are the most common types that infect people. Influenza A and B are seasonal (most people get them in the winter) and have more severe symptoms. Influenza C doesn’t cause severe symptoms and it’s not seasonal — the number of cases stays about the same throughout the year. The influenza virus causes flu. Influenza A, B and C are the most common types that infect people. Influenza A and B are seasonal (most people get them in the winter) and have more severe symptoms. Influenza C doesn’t cause severe symptoms and it’s not seasonal — the number of cases stays about the same throughout the year. The fastest molecular flu test just got faster and even better. Now with early detection and positive results in as few as 5 minutes, allowing you to make effective clinical decisions sooner. Abbott ID NOW is a rapid, instrument-based system for the qualitative detection of infectious diseases using isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology.Flu viruses are of four main types: A, B, C and D. Human influenza type A and B viruses are mainly responsible for the “flu season,” or seasonal influenza epidemics almost every winter in the United States. Type A influenza: This is the cause of most flu cases. It is the only influenza virus causing flu pandemics (a large number of flu ... For use with Sofia 2 and Sofia. The Sofia Influenza A+B Fluorescent Immunoassay (FIA) uses advanced immunofluorescence-based lateral-flow technology to detect influenza A and influenza B viral nucleoprotein antigens. Sofia 2 with Advance Result Technology (ART) delivers accurate, objective and automated results in as few as three minutes.Strains of influenza B are exclusively contracted by humans, while A can be carried (and spread) by animals, however, both strains are transmitted mainly by respiratory droplets from coughing and contact with an infected person.Doctors & departments Overview Flu (influenza) is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. Influenza is commonly called the flu, but it's not the same as stomach "flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting. Most people with the flu get better on their own.For influenza A and influenza B viruses, selective amplification of target nucleic acid from the sample is achieved by the use of target-specific forward and reverseThe fastest molecular flu test just got faster and even better. Now with early detection and positive results in as few as 5 minutes, allowing you to make effective clinical decisions sooner. Abbott ID NOW is a rapid, instrument-based system for the qualitative detection of infectious diseases using isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology.Influenza A and B: A(H1), A(H1)pdm09, A(H3) SARS-CoV-2, Adenovirus, Coronavirus 229E, Coronavirus HKU1, Coronavirus NL63, Coronavirus OC43, Human Metapneumovirus, Human Rhinovirus/Enterovirus, Parainfluenza Virus 1, Parainfluenza Virus 2, Parainfluenza Virus 3, Parainfluenza Virus 4, Respiratory Syncytial Virus: NPS: Approximately 45 minutes ... Sep 1, 2023 · Based on NCHS mortality surveillance data available on August 31, 2023, 6.5% of the deaths that occurred during the week ending August 26, 2023 (week 34), were due to pneumonia, influenza, and/or COVID-19 (PIC). This percentage is above the epidemic threshold of 5.5% for this week. Influenza A and B: A(H1), A(H1)pdm09, A(H3) SARS-CoV-2, Adenovirus, Coronavirus 229E, Coronavirus HKU1, Coronavirus NL63, Coronavirus OC43, Human Metapneumovirus, Human Rhinovirus/Enterovirus, Parainfluenza Virus 1, Parainfluenza Virus 2, Parainfluenza Virus 3, Parainfluenza Virus 4, Respiratory Syncytial Virus: NPS: Approximately 45 minutes ...Dec 2, 2022 · Influenza (Flu) Viruses There are two main types of human flu viruses: types A and B. The flu A and B viruses that routinely spread in people are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics each year. Flu A viruses can be broken down into sub-types depending on the genes that make up the surface proteins. Table 2: Available FDA-Cleared Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (Antigen Detection Only) 1. These tests provide results in 10-15 minutes and differentiate between influenza A and B. Available FDA cleared tests as of August 2020. Influenza (the flu) is a viral infection that causes symptoms like fever and chills, sneezing, coughing and a sore throat. The flu can be serious for some people, but if you are otherwise fit and healthy you usually don’t need to see a doctor. There is a vaccine available for the flu, and it’s recommended that everyone over the age of 6 ... The influenza virus causes flu. Influenza A, B and C are the most common types that infect people. Influenza A and B are seasonal (most people get them in the winter) and have more severe symptoms. Influenza C doesn’t cause severe symptoms and it’s not seasonal — the number of cases stays about the same throughout the year.Feb 24, 2022 · Influenza (flu): The flu is commonly caused by type A and B influenza strains. Symptoms are typically more severe than the common cold and can include coughing, fever (or chills), muscle aches, shortness of breath, and more. Only type A and B cause human disease of any concern. Influenza virus is transmitted primarily by droplets or respiratory secretions of infected persons. Influenza occurs all over the world, with an annual global attack rate estimated at 5 – 10% in adults and 20 – 30% in children.Similarities: Both COVID-19 and flu can have varying degrees of symptoms, ranging from no symptoms (asymptomatic) to severe symptoms. Common symptoms that COVID-19 and flu share include: Fever or feeling feverish/having chills. Cough. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.Dec 3, 2020 · Influenza A and B infect humans each flu season and are both highly contagious. While treatment and prevention are the same, flu B tends to be less common. Search The fastest molecular flu test just got faster and even better. Now with early detection and positive results in as few as 5 minutes, allowing you to make effective clinical decisions sooner. Abbott ID NOW is a rapid, instrument-based system for the qualitative detection of infectious diseases using isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology. Influenza virus from the family Orthomyxoviridae are enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses with segmented genomes containing seven to eight gene segments. Of the five genera in the family, only influenza A virus (IAV), influenza B and C viruses are medically relevant to humans. Influenza A and B viruses have a similar structure whereby these ...Performance characteristics for influenza A and B were established during February through March 2011 when influenza viruses A/California/7/2009 (2009 H1N1), A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (Victoria-Like) were the predominant influenza viruses in circulation according to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Jul 29, 2023 · Flu symptoms tend to develop one to two days after exposure to the virus and last for between five to seven days. Day 1 to Day 3 are characterized by the abrupt onset and worsening of symptoms. Day 5 to Day 6 is when most people start to feel notably better. By Day 8, most people will have recovered and no longer be contagious. Type C causes infection but does not cause typical flu symptoms. Both influenza A and B have been linked to the development of Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal complication that usually ...Viral transport medium acceptable for collection of influenza specimens in 1 mL or 3 mL volumes can be used to transport swabs for COVID-19 testing. For swabs in saline: OP, NP or anterior nasal swabs may be placed in 1 to 3 mL of sterile saline (0.85 to 0.9%) in a sterile screw cap container.

Nov 21, 2022 · Yes. There are tests that will check for seasonal influenza A and B viruses and SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Testing for these viruses at the same time gives public health officials important information about how flu and COVID-19 are spreading and what prevention steps people should take. . Kane

flu aandb

Follow recommended infection prevention and control measures1. SARS-CoV-2 Testing. Test for SARS-CoV-2 by nucleic acid detection 2. , 3 ; OR if not available, by SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay. 5. a) If SARS-CoV-2 Test result is positive, administer supportive care. If the patient is at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19 ...types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C. Type A viruses are the most prevalent and are associated with most serious epidemics. Type B viruses produce a disease that is generally milder than that caused by type A. Type C viruses have never been associated with a large epidemic of human disease. Both type A and B viruses can1 hour ago · The CDC’s website says you can get a flu shot and a COVID-19 shot at the same time --in the same arm or one in each arm--if that is convenient and you are due for vaccination, but they do not ... Similarities: Both COVID-19 and flu can have varying degrees of symptoms, ranging from no symptoms (asymptomatic) to severe symptoms. Common symptoms that COVID-19 and flu share include: Fever or feeling feverish/having chills. Cough. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.Seasonal influenza (flu) vaccines are designed to protect against the four main groups of flu Type A and B viruses that research indicates are most likely to spread and cause illness among people during the upcoming flu season. All current U.S. flu vaccines protect against a flu A (H1) virus, a flu A (H3) virus, a flu B/Yamagata lineage virus ...There are two main types of influenza viruses: types A and B. Both type A and B influenza viruses regularly spread in people and are responsible for seasonal flu each year. WHAT IS THE Follow recommended infection prevention and control measures1. SARS-CoV-2 Testing. Test for SARS-CoV-2 by nucleic acid detection 2. , 3 ; OR if not available, by SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay. 5. a) If SARS-CoV-2 Test result is positive, administer supportive care. If the patient is at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19 ... People who are sick with flu often feel some or all of these symptoms: Fever*/feeling feverish or chills. Cough. Sore throat. Runny or stuffy nose. Muscle or body aches. Headaches. Fatigue (tiredness) Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults.The flu is an infection of the nose, throat, and lungs. It spreads easily from person to person. This article discusses influenza types A and B. A type of influenza A infection due to the H1N1 influenza strain is commonly called the swine flu. Alternative NamesOverview. Influenza virus testing is not required to make a clinical diagnosis of influenza in outpatients with suspected influenza, particularly during increased influenza activity when seasonal influenza A and B viruses are circulating in the local community. However, influenza virus testing can inform clinical management when the results may ... Jan 12, 2023 · Flu symptoms for both A and B tend to appear in progression, beginning with a sudden onset of fever. Other early symptoms include: Dry cough Runny nose Sore throat Body aches Headache Fatigue When young children acquire influenza, they may experience nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea in addition to respiratory symptoms. Full genome sequencing can reveal the approximately 13,500-letter sequence of all the genes of the influenza virus’ genome. The two influenza types (A and B) that cause seasonal epidemics have eight RNA gene segments. These genes contain instructions for making new viruses and play an important role in how influenza viruses cause infection.People who are sick with flu often feel some or all of these symptoms: Fever*/feeling feverish or chills. Cough. Sore throat. Runny or stuffy nose. Muscle or body aches. Headaches. Fatigue (tiredness) Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in children than adults.Aug 15, 2022 · The flu is caused by an influenza virus. Most people get the flu when they breathe in tiny airborne droplets from the coughs or sneezes of someone who has the flu. You can also catch the flu if you touch something with the virus on it, and then touch your mouth, nose, or eyes. People often confuse colds and flu. Influenza epidemics, also known as seasonal flu, occur annually and are the most common emerging infection among humans. These epidemics have major medical impacts, but they are generally not fatal except in certain groups such as the elderly. Pandemics, on the other hand, happen once every few decades on average..

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