Oct 29, 2022 · Further, not only was the first birth painless, but it was a man—not a woman—who shockingly gives birth, setting it apart from all others. FREE ebook: Exploring Genesis: The Bible’s Ancient Traditions in Context Mesopotamian creation myths, Joseph’s relationship with Egyptian temple practices and 3 tales of Ur, the birthplace of Abraham. Died: Khadījah, (died 619, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]), merchant who was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Little is known about her apart from the posthumous accounts of Muhammad’s life ( sīrah) and teachings ( Hadith ). Khadījah was born in the 6th century ce to merchants of the Quraysh tribe, which ruled Mecca.The Roles For Women | From Jesus To Christ - The First Christians | FRONTLINE | PBS WATCH SCHEDULE TOPICS ABOUT FRONTLINE SHOP TEACHER CENTER The Roles for Women Although later pushed to...The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 was an event that lasted a year in which religion fueled mass hysteria in a small colony. The trials consisted of accusations of witchcraft against hundreds of people, and for the unfortunate one’s it would mean their death. These trials and the evidence associated with them was all based around the idea of good ...Mar 8, 2017 · Islam was actually the first religion to give women rights of inheritance. Meanwhile, women in America and Europe were denied the right to own and manage property until the 18th century. 2. Islam tackled female infanticide Jun 17, 2022 · The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, color, or national origin in public places, schools, and employment. However, discrimination based on sex was not initially included in the proposed bill, and was only added as an amendment in Title VII in an attempt to prevent its passage. Congressman Howard Smith (D-VA), Chairman of the Rules Committee and a ... Aug 24, 2022 · The first and foremost of these is a belief in the Vedas – four texts compiled between the 15th and 5th centuries BCE on the Indian subcontinent, and the faith’s oldest scriptures – which make Hinduism without doubt the oldest religion in existence. It has since evolved into a diverse and flexible tradition, notable, as the scholar Wendy ... Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. It also includes the freedom to change one's religion or beliefs, [1] "the right not to profess any religion or belief", [2] or "not ...Twenty years ago it was first noted that very religious women achieve greater satisfaction in ... (and give every indication of far outstripping) social work resources, it is good to know that the ...v. t. e. Religious violence covers phenomena in which religion is either the subject or the object of violent behavior. [1] All the religions of the world contain narratives, symbols, and metaphors of violence and war. [2] Religious violence is violence that is motivated by, or in reaction to, religious precepts, texts, or the doctrines of a ...Twenty years ago it was first noted that very religious women achieve greater satisfaction in ... (and give every indication of far outstripping) social work resources, it is good to know that the ...Apr 16, 2020 · Ancient Persian religion – pre- and post-Zoroaster (c. 1500-1000 BCE) – attributed various events and illnesses to the work of the malevolent deity Ahriman (also known as Angra Mainyu) or to spirits who sometimes advanced his agenda, such as djinn. This belief gave rise to an increase in folk magic and the use of amulets and charms to ward ... Sep 19, 2016 · The pagan god is not born of a virgin mother. The birth of the pagan god is the result of a sexual encounter. The parallel exists, but the Christian tradition antedates the pagan mythology. This is, of course, false. Ra is born of a virgin mother, was not conceived sexually, and predates Christian mythology (by a lot). Jul 15, 2023 · Greek religion, religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Hellenes. Greek religion is not the same as Greek mythology, which is concerned with traditional tales, though the two are closely interlinked. Curiously, for a people so religiously minded, the Greeks had no word for religion itself; the nearest terms were eusebeia (“piety ... Jul 13, 2022 · Updated on July 13, 2022. The Bible's Eve was the first woman on earth, the first wife, and the first mother. She is known as the "Mother of All the Living." Even though her accomplishments are remarkable, little else is known about Eve. Moses ’ account of the first couple is strikingly sparse. We must assume God had a reason for that lack of ... Mar 8, 2017 · Islam was actually the first religion to give women rights of inheritance. Meanwhile, women in America and Europe were denied the right to own and manage property until the 18th century. 2. Islam tackled female infanticide First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina. 629 CE Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat. 515 BCE - 70 CE: Second Temple period begins. The synagogue and Jewish eschatology can all be traced back to the Second Temple period. 551 BCE: Confucius, founder of Confucianism, was born. [15] 447 BCE: The Parthenon is dedicated to the goddess Athena. 399 BCE: Socrates was tried for impiety. The role of women in Judaism is determined by the Hebrew Bible, the Oral Law (the corpus of rabbinic literature), by custom, and by cultural factors. Although the Hebrew Bible and rabbinic literature mention various female role models, religious law treats women differently in various circumstances. According to a 2017 study by the Pew Research ...The first extensive Nordic textual source for the Old Norse Religion was the Poetic Edda. Some of the poetic sources, in particular, the Poetic Edda and skaldic poetry, may have been originally composed by heathens, and Hávamál contains both information on heathen mysticism [32] and what Ursula Dronke referred to as "a round-up of ritual ... Genuine attempts to protect Muslim women from discrimination through the international models of gender equality and empowerment programs end up alienating local contexts and will be likely unsuccessful without giving the local communities proactive and independent roles. Evidently, the issue of women in Islam is complex and multifaceted.The first woman ordained by the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, Janith Otte, was ordained in 1977.) According to statements made in 1995 and later, the underground Catholic bishop Felix Maria Davídek, who was a friend of her family, secretly ordained Ludmila Javorová on December 28, 1970. Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. It also includes the freedom to change one's religion or beliefs, [1] "the right not to profess any religion or belief", [2] or "not ...Wicca is a broad movement with much internal diversity in its beliefs and practices, in large part because of the absence of any single leader or centralized governing body. Within Wiccan groups it is often considered more important for all members to follow the same ritual procedures than to believe the same thing. Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, with about 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide. Although its roots go back further, scholars typically date the creation of Islam to ...In 1972, Sally Priesand became the first woman ordained as a rabbi, in the Reform denomination. Women in the Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Renewal denominations are now able to lead worship services, read the Torah, and give drashes (sermons) just as men do, often contributing a different perspective. Islam Judaism is the oldest surviving monotheistic religion, arising in the eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C.E. Abraham is traditionally considered to be the first Jew and to have made ... Today, the world looks at Islam and jumps to the conclusion that there are no rights for women in Islam. Therefore, this week, as part of Women’s Week on Rad...FIRST RELIGION TO GIVE WOMEN RIGHTS. Meanwhile, all across the world, many non-abrahamic faiths had roughly equal or matriarchal societies. 60. level 2. cackmatte. · 8m Never-Muslim Atheist. The "Islam is the first / only religion to do X" annoys me so much.Sep 19, 2016 · The pagan god is not born of a virgin mother. The birth of the pagan god is the result of a sexual encounter. The parallel exists, but the Christian tradition antedates the pagan mythology. This is, of course, false. Ra is born of a virgin mother, was not conceived sexually, and predates Christian mythology (by a lot). Oct 23, 2007 · The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between early 1692 and mid-1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft—the devil’s magic —and 20 were executed ... Religion is the substance, the ground, and the depth of man's spiritual life." When religion is seen in terms of sacred, divine, intensive valuing, or ultimate concern, then it is possible to understand why scientific findings and philosophical criticisms (e.g., those made by Richard Dawkins) do not necessarily disturb its adherents. AspectsIn Jewish law, although the human soul exists before birth, human life begins at birth, that is, at the time when the child is more than halfway emerged from the mother's body. For more details about the consequences of this doctrine, see Abortion. Judaism completely rejects the notion of original sin. According to Judaism, a child is born pure ...Spartan women seem to have married relatively late in comparison to their counterparts elsewhere in Greece. While Athenian women might have expected to marry for the first time around the age of fourteen to men much older than them, Spartan women normally married between the ages of eighteen and twenty to men close to them in age.e. Religion in the United States began with the religions and spiritual practices of Native Americans. Later, religion also played a role in the founding of some colonies, as many colonists, such as the Puritans, came to escape religious persecution. Historians debate how much influence religion, specifically Christianity and more specifically ...Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world, with more than 2 billion followers. The Christian faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth, life, death and resurrection of ...Judaism is the oldest surviving monotheistic religion, arising in the eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C.E. Abraham is traditionally considered to be the first Jew and to have made ...v. t. e. Religious violence covers phenomena in which religion is either the subject or the object of violent behavior. [1] All the religions of the world contain narratives, symbols, and metaphors of violence and war. [2] Religious violence is violence that is motivated by, or in reaction to, religious precepts, texts, or the doctrines of a ...Ladies First. By Yanki Tauber. Even in this day and age, most women graciously accept the traditional "ladies first" rule, whether it's getting off a sinking ship or going through a ballroom doorway. Commonly perceived as a concession to the weaker gender by the stronger, the rule is actually founded upon a very different rationale, at least in ...The status and role of women in society are important issues for which Islam has provided all related rules, rights and guidance. In fact, in many ways, Islam is the only religion to do so. Not only in the theory, Islam practically uplifted women status nearly 1400 years ago and for the first time in human history she felt her true being.The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, color, or national origin in public places, schools, and employment. However, discrimination based on sex was not initially included in the proposed bill, and was only added as an amendment in Title VII in an attempt to prevent its passage. Congressman Howard Smith (D-VA), Chairman of the Rules Committee and a ...Roman religion was practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, "I give that you might give". Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, rite, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs.Jan 5, 2020 · The status and role of women in society are important issues for which Islam has provided all related rules, rights and guidance. In fact, in many ways, Islam is the only religion to do so. Not only in the theory, Islam practically uplifted women status nearly 1400 years ago and for the first time in human history she felt her true being. Like many amazing stories, the history of the Women’s Rights Movement began with a small group of people questioning why human lives were being unfairly constricted. A Tea Launches a Revolution. The Women’s Rights Movement marks July 13, 1848 as its beginning. As shown by the following passages — adapted from Noel Rae’s new book The Great Stain, which uses firsthand accounts to tell the story of slavery in America — for some of them that ...Buddhism is a religion that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“The Buddha”) more than 2,500 years ago in India. ... first built in A.D. 242. ... He decided to give up his lavish lifestyle and ...Islam was the first religion to give women rights like these. ... Islam religion is the first that set up women human rights since the 7th century preceding all other UN or religion decrees. Islam ...Religion is the substance, the ground, and the depth of man's spiritual life." When religion is seen in terms of sacred, divine, intensive valuing, or ultimate concern, then it is possible to understand why scientific findings and philosophical criticisms (e.g., those made by Richard Dawkins) do not necessarily disturb its adherents. AspectsOct 13, 2017 · Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world, with more than 2 billion followers. The Christian faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth, life, death and resurrection of ... The first extensive Nordic textual source for the Old Norse Religion was the Poetic Edda. Some of the poetic sources, in particular, the Poetic Edda and skaldic poetry, may have been originally composed by heathens, and Hávamál contains both information on heathen mysticism [32] and what Ursula Dronke referred to as "a round-up of ritual ... Christianity was well-established as a major religion in the Roman Empire. Judaism had received the status of a legal religion in the Roman Empire with formal protections. Although Christianity developed out of Jewish traditions, it had no such legal protections. Christians were occasionally persecuted—formally punished—for their beliefs ...Anglican priests, at their ordination, swore allegiance to the King. The Book of Common Prayer offered prayers for the monarch, beseeching God "to be his defender and keeper, giving him victory over all his enemies," who in 1776 were American soldiers as well as friends and neighbors of American Anglicans. The Church of England. Through the reigns of the Protestant King Edward VI (1547-1553), who introduced the first vernacular prayer book, and the Catholic Mary I (1553-1558), who sent some ...Mar 28, 2022 · The Concept of Religion. First published Mon Mar 28, 2022. It is common today to take the concept religion as a taxon for sets of social practices, a category-concept whose paradigmatic examples are the so-called “world” religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism. [ 1] Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. It also includes the freedom to change one's religion or beliefs, [1] "the right not to profess any religion or belief", [2] or "not ...The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, color, or national origin in public places, schools, and employment. However, discrimination based on sex was not initially included in the proposed bill, and was only added as an amendment in Title VII in an attempt to prevent its passage. Congressman Howard Smith (D-VA), Chairman of the Rules Committee and a ...Religion, which serves as a reference point for gender norms and expectations, is often seen as institutionalizing and perpetuating patriarchy, thus frustrating many advocates for women’s rights and equality. Often overlooked, early roots of feminism included religious voices, and there are many women and men who work actively for gender ...In today's post, we are on a quest to locate and name the seven oldest religions on Earth. So buckle up; it is going to be a bumpy ride! 1. Hinduism (15th – 5th century BCE) A Hindu sadhu boating in the Ganges River of Varanasi, India, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus. Hinduism is generally believed to be the world's oldest religion and ...Jan 5, 2020 · The status and role of women in society are important issues for which Islam has provided all related rules, rights and guidance. In fact, in many ways, Islam is the only religion to do so. Not only in the theory, Islam practically uplifted women status nearly 1400 years ago and for the first time in human history she felt her true being. 1,400 years ago, Islam gave women more rights than western women have gained in the last century. Below are just a few you probably didn't know existed. 1. The right to vote. Islam gave women the right to vote and historically, Muslim women were politically active.Judaism is the oldest surviving monotheistic religion, arising in the eastern Mediterranean in the second millennium B.C.E. Abraham is traditionally considered to be the first Jew and to have made ...Women's rights in Islam: Fighting for equality. In countries that practice Islamic law, legal reforms to advance the status of women tend to fail due to hard-liners who see it undermining religion ...Religion is the substance, the ground, and the depth of man's spiritual life." When religion is seen in terms of sacred, divine, intensive valuing, or ultimate concern, then it is possible to understand why scientific findings and philosophical criticisms (e.g., those made by Richard Dawkins) do not necessarily disturb its adherents. Aspects Women are associated with witchcraft, and said to be foolish and dishonest, but a man without a wife is said to be without joy and blessing. The ancient rabbis taught that a woman’s body and voice were indecent, but also that a man should respect his wife more than himself. In rabbinic law, women have fewer religious responsibilities than men.This entry provides an overview of the topics and discussions in science and religion. Section 1 outlines the scope of both fields, and how they are related. Section 2 looks at the relationship between science and religion in five religious traditions, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. Section 3 discusses contemporary topics ...Sep 19, 2016 · The pagan god is not born of a virgin mother. The birth of the pagan god is the result of a sexual encounter. The parallel exists, but the Christian tradition antedates the pagan mythology. This is, of course, false. Ra is born of a virgin mother, was not conceived sexually, and predates Christian mythology (by a lot). The International Council of Women (ICW) was the first women's organization to work across national boundaries for the common cause of advocating human rights for women. In March and April 1888, women leaders came together in Washington, D.C., with 80 speakers and 49 delegates representing 53 women's organizations from 9 countries: Canada, the ...The pagan god is not born of a virgin mother. The birth of the pagan god is the result of a sexual encounter. The parallel exists, but the Christian tradition antedates the pagan mythology. This is, of course, false. Ra is born of a virgin mother, was not conceived sexually, and predates Christian mythology (by a lot).Nov 7, 2022 · In today's post, we are on a quest to locate and name the seven oldest religions on Earth. So buckle up; it is going to be a bumpy ride! 1. Hinduism (15th – 5th century BCE) A Hindu sadhu boating in the Ganges River of Varanasi, India, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus. Hinduism is generally believed to be the world's oldest religion and ... A woman is an adult female human. [a] [1] [2] Prior to adulthood, a female human is referred to as a girl (a female child or adolescent ). [3] Typically, women inherit a pair of X chromosomes, one from each parent, and are capable of pregnancy and giving birth from puberty until menopause. More generally, sex differentiation of the female fetus ... Like many amazing stories, the history of the Women’s Rights Movement began with a small group of people questioning why human lives were being unfairly constricted. A Tea Launches a Revolution. The Women’s Rights Movement marks July 13, 1848 as its beginning.Oct 12, 2022 · The main god and goddesses in Roman culture were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Jupiter was a sky-god who Romans believed oversaw all aspects of life; he is thought to have originated from the Greek god Zeus. Jupiter also concentrated on protecting the Roman state. Military commanders would pay homage to Jupiter at his temple after winning in battle. Aug 24, 2022 · The first and foremost of these is a belief in the Vedas – four texts compiled between the 15th and 5th centuries BCE on the Indian subcontinent, and the faith’s oldest scriptures – which make Hinduism without doubt the oldest religion in existence. It has since evolved into a diverse and flexible tradition, notable, as the scholar Wendy ... Hitler believed that all religions were now "decadent"; in Europe it was the "collapse of Christianity that we are now experiencing". The reason for the crisis was science. Hitler, like Stalin, took a very modern view of the incompatibility of religious and scientific explanation.Burial customs and cults of the dead. The oldest known burials can be attributed to the Middle Paleolithic Period. The corpses, accompanied by stone tools and parts of animals, were laid in holes in the ground and sometimes the corpses were especially protected. In some cases, the findings give the impression that the dead were to be “held ... In Jewish law, although the human soul exists before birth, human life begins at birth, that is, at the time when the child is more than halfway emerged from the mother's body. For more details about the consequences of this doctrine, see Abortion. Judaism completely rejects the notion of original sin. According to Judaism, a child is born pure ...Jul 15, 2023 · Greek religion, religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Hellenes. Greek religion is not the same as Greek mythology, which is concerned with traditional tales, though the two are closely interlinked. Curiously, for a people so religiously minded, the Greeks had no word for religion itself; the nearest terms were eusebeia (“piety ... Died: Khadījah, (died 619, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]), merchant who was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Little is known about her apart from the posthumous accounts of Muhammad’s life ( sīrah) and teachings ( Hadith ). Khadījah was born in the 6th century ce to merchants of the Quraysh tribe, which ruled Mecca.Jan 5, 2020 · The status and role of women in society are important issues for which Islam has provided all related rules, rights and guidance. In fact, in many ways, Islam is the only religion to do so. Not only in the theory, Islam practically uplifted women status nearly 1400 years ago and for the first time in human history she felt her true being. Oct 13, 2017 · Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world, with more than 2 billion followers. The Christian faith centers on beliefs regarding the birth, life, death and resurrection of ...
Jul 15, 2023 · Greek religion, religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Hellenes. Greek religion is not the same as Greek mythology, which is concerned with traditional tales, though the two are closely interlinked. Curiously, for a people so religiously minded, the Greeks had no word for religion itself; the nearest terms were eusebeia (“piety ... . Star 153 jav
Nov 7, 2022 · In today's post, we are on a quest to locate and name the seven oldest religions on Earth. So buckle up; it is going to be a bumpy ride! 1. Hinduism (15th – 5th century BCE) A Hindu sadhu boating in the Ganges River of Varanasi, India, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus. Hinduism is generally believed to be the world's oldest religion and ... Anglican priests, at their ordination, swore allegiance to the King. The Book of Common Prayer offered prayers for the monarch, beseeching God "to be his defender and keeper, giving him victory over all his enemies," who in 1776 were American soldiers as well as friends and neighbors of American Anglicans.Oct 12, 2022 · The main god and goddesses in Roman culture were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Jupiter was a sky-god who Romans believed oversaw all aspects of life; he is thought to have originated from the Greek god Zeus. Jupiter also concentrated on protecting the Roman state. Military commanders would pay homage to Jupiter at his temple after winning in battle. 515 BCE - 70 CE: Second Temple period begins. The synagogue and Jewish eschatology can all be traced back to the Second Temple period. 551 BCE: Confucius, founder of Confucianism, was born. [15] 447 BCE: The Parthenon is dedicated to the goddess Athena. 399 BCE: Socrates was tried for impiety. Dec 6, 2017 · Hinduism 101: Women and Hinduism. One of the most profound attributes of Hinduism is the recognition and worship of God as feminine. In fact, Hinduism is the only major religion that has always worshipped God in female form and continues to do so today. Many Hindus revere God’s energy, or Shakti, through its personification in a Goddess. Rogers was a Catholic priest who converted to Protestantism in the 1530s under the influence of William Tyndale and assisted in the publication of Tyndale's English translations of the Bible. Burned alive at Smithfield on February 4, 1555, Rogers became the "first Protestant martyr" executed by England's Catholic Queen Mary. Burial customs and cults of the dead. The oldest known burials can be attributed to the Middle Paleolithic Period. The corpses, accompanied by stone tools and parts of animals, were laid in holes in the ground and sometimes the corpses were especially protected. In some cases, the findings give the impression that the dead were to be “held ... 6th century BCE Mahapajapati Gotami, the aunt and foster mother of Buddha, became the first woman to receive Buddhist ordination. [1] [2] 19th century 1815: Clarissa Danforth was ordained in New England. She was the first woman ordained by the Free Will Baptist denomination.First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina. 629 CE Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat.1,400 years ago, Islam gave women more rights than western women have gained in the last century. Below are just a few you probably didn't know existed. 1. The right to vote. Islam gave women the right to vote and historically, Muslim women were politically active.Pandora. In Greek mythology, Pandora ( Greek: Πανδώρα, derived from πᾶν, pān, i.e. "all" and δῶρον, dōron, i.e. "gift", thus "the all-endowed", "all-gifted" or "all-giving") [1] was the first human woman created by Hephaestus on the instructions of Zeus. [2] [3] As Hesiod related it, each god cooperated by giving her unique ...Jan 5, 2018 · Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, with about 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide. Although its roots go back further, scholars typically date the creation of Islam to ... Feb 23, 2018 · As shown by the following passages — adapted from Noel Rae’s new book The Great Stain, which uses firsthand accounts to tell the story of slavery in America — for some of them that ... 515 BCE - 70 CE: Second Temple period begins. The synagogue and Jewish eschatology can all be traced back to the Second Temple period. 551 BCE: Confucius, founder of Confucianism, was born. [15] 447 BCE: The Parthenon is dedicated to the goddess Athena. 399 BCE: Socrates was tried for impiety. Qur an 2:228. Over fourteen hundred years ago, Islam gave women rights that women in the West have only recently began to enjoy. In the 1930 s, Annie Besant observed, It is only in the last twenty years that Christian England has recognised the right of woman to property, while Islam has allowed this right from all times. It is a slander to say ...The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between early 1692 and mid-1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft—the devil’s magic —and 20 were executed ...Women giving birth wore special ornaments to scare off the female demon Lamashtu, who was said to kill or kidnap children. The moon god, Nanna, was called upon to help the woman in labor. The earliest lullabies, or soothing songs sung to babies, were adapted from incantations, or sung prayers, to protect the infant. .